CentOS 7でDHCPサーバのインストールをしてみました｡
- インストール
- 設定ファイルの編集
- DHCPサーバの自動起動の設定
- DHCPサーバの起動
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[root@host01 ~]# yum install dhcp Loaded plugins: fastestmirror base | 3.6 kB 00:00:00 extras | 3.4 kB 00:00:00 updates | 3.4 kB 00:00:00 Loading mirror speeds from cached hostfile * base: ftp.iij.ad.jp * extras: ftp.iij.ad.jp * updates: ftp.iij.ad.jp Resolving Dependencies --> Running transaction check ---> Package dhcp.x86_64 12:4.2.5-42.el7.centos will be installed --> Finished Dependency Resolution Dependencies Resolved ==================================================================================================== Package Arch Version Repository Size ==================================================================================================== Installing: dhcp x86_64 12:4.2.5-42.el7.centos base 511 k Transaction Summary ==================================================================================================== Install 1 Package Total download size: 511 k Installed size: 1.4 M Is this ok [y/d/N]: y Downloading packages: dhcp-4.2.5-42.el7.centos.x86_64.rpm | 511 kB 00:00:00 Running transaction check Running transaction test Transaction test succeeded Running transaction Installing : 12:dhcp-4.2.5-42.el7.centos.x86_64 1/1 Verifying : 12:dhcp-4.2.5-42.el7.centos.x86_64 1/1 Installed: dhcp.x86_64 12:4.2.5-42.el7.centos Complete! |
設定ファイルは/etc/dhcp/dhcpd.confになります｡
デフォルトでは何も書かれていないので､必要なら/usr/share/doc/dhcp-4.2.5/dhcpd.conf.exampleをコピーして使用します｡
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[root@host01 ~]# cat /etc/dhcp/dhcpd.conf # # DHCP Server Configuration file. # see /usr/share/doc/dhcp*/dhcpd.conf.example # see dhcpd.conf(5) man page # |
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[root@host01 ~]# cat /usr/share/doc/dhcp-4.2.5/dhcpd.conf.example # dhcpd.conf # # Sample configuration file for ISC dhcpd # # option definitions common to all supported networks... option domain-name "example.org"; option domain-name-servers ns1.example.org, ns2.example.org; default-lease-time 600; max-lease-time 7200; # Use this to enble / disable dynamic dns updates globally. #ddns-update-style none; # If this DHCP server is the official DHCP server for the local # network, the authoritative directive should be uncommented. #authoritative; # Use this to send dhcp log messages to a different log file (you also # have to hack syslog.conf to complete the redirection). log-facility local7; # No service will be given on this subnet, but declaring it helps the # DHCP server to understand the network topology. subnet 10.152.187.0 netmask 255.255.255.0 { } # This is a very basic subnet declaration. subnet 10.254.239.0 netmask 255.255.255.224 { range 10.254.239.10 10.254.239.20; option routers rtr-239-0-1.example.org, rtr-239-0-2.example.org; } # This declaration allows BOOTP clients to get dynamic addresses, # which we don't really recommend. subnet 10.254.239.32 netmask 255.255.255.224 { range dynamic-bootp 10.254.239.40 10.254.239.60; option broadcast-address 10.254.239.31; option routers rtr-239-32-1.example.org; } # A slightly different configuration for an internal subnet. subnet 10.5.5.0 netmask 255.255.255.224 { range 10.5.5.26 10.5.5.30; option domain-name-servers ns1.internal.example.org; option domain-name "internal.example.org"; option routers 10.5.5.1; option broadcast-address 10.5.5.31; default-lease-time 600; max-lease-time 7200; } # Hosts which require special configuration options can be listed in # host statements. If no address is specified, the address will be # allocated dynamically (if possible), but the host-specific information # will still come from the host declaration. host passacaglia { hardware ethernet 0:0:c0:5d:bd:95; filename "vmunix.passacaglia"; server-name "toccata.fugue.com"; } # Fixed IP addresses can also be specified for hosts. These addresses # should not also be listed as being available for dynamic assignment. # Hosts for which fixed IP addresses have been specified can boot using # BOOTP or DHCP. Hosts for which no fixed address is specified can only # be booted with DHCP, unless there is an address range on the subnet # to which a BOOTP client is connected which has the dynamic-bootp flag # set. host fantasia { hardware ethernet 08:00:07:26:c0:a5; fixed-address fantasia.fugue.com; } # You can declare a class of clients and then do address allocation # based on that. The example below shows a case where all clients # in a certain class get addresses on the 10.17.224/24 subnet, and all # other clients get addresses on the 10.0.29/24 subnet. class "foo" { match if substring (option vendor-class-identifier, 0, 4) = "SUNW"; } shared-network 224-29 { subnet 10.17.224.0 netmask 255.255.255.0 { option routers rtr-224.example.org; } subnet 10.0.29.0 netmask 255.255.255.0 { option routers rtr-29.example.org; } pool { allow members of "foo"; range 10.17.224.10 10.17.224.250; } pool { deny members of "foo"; range 10.0.29.10 10.0.29.230; } } |
取り敢えず必要なところを設定します｡
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# ドメイン名 option domain-name "rootlinks.net"; # DNSサーバ option domain-name-servers dns1.rootlinks.net, 192.168.1.2; # リース期間 default-lease-time 600; max-lease-time 7200; # 承認されたDHCPサーバ authoritative; # 割当情報 subnet 192.168.1.0 netmask 255.255.255.0 { range 192.168.1.11 192.168.1.30; option routers 192.168.1.254; option broadcast-address 192.168.1.255; } # MACアドレスで固定割当 host host01 { hardware ethernet 00:11:22:33:44:55; fixed-address 192.168.1.11; } host host02 { hardware ethernet 00:11:22:33:44:aa; fixed-address 192.168.1.12; } |
ちなみに提供するインターフェイスの指定で/etc/sysconfig/dhcpdは使用されなくなったようです｡
指定する場合はdhcpd.confのsubnet欄にListening on Socket/eth0を記述するようです｡
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[root@host01 ~]# cat /etc/sysconfig/dhcpd # WARNING: This file is NOT used anymore. # If you are here to restrict what interfaces should dhcpd listen on, # be aware that dhcpd listens *only* on interfaces for which it finds subnet # declaration in dhcpd.conf. It means that explicitly enumerating interfaces # also on command line should not be required in most cases. # If you still insist on adding some command line options, # copy dhcpd.service from /lib/systemd/system to /etc/systemd/system and modify # it there. # https://fedoraproject.org/wiki/Systemd#How_do_I_customize_a_unit_file.2F_add_a_custom_unit_file.3F # example: # $ cp /usr/lib/systemd/system/dhcpd.service /etc/systemd/system/ # $ vi /etc/systemd/system/dhcpd.service # $ ExecStart=/usr/sbin/dhcpd -f -cf /etc/dhcp/dhcpd.conf -user dhcpd -group dhcpd --no-pid <your_interface_name(s)> # $ systemctl --system daemon-reload # $ systemctl restart dhcpd.service |
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[root@host01 ~]# systemctl enable dhcpd Created symlink from /etc/systemd/system/multi-user.target.wants/dhcpd.service to /usr/lib/systemd/system/dhcpd.service. |
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[root@host01 ~]# systemctl start dhcpd [root@host01 ~]# systemctl -l status dhcpd * dhcpd.service - DHCPv4 Server Daemon Loaded: loaded (/usr/lib/systemd/system/dhcpd.service; enabled; vendor preset: disabled) Active: active (running) since Thu 2016-03-31 19:20:34 JST; 6s ago Docs: man:dhcpd(8) man:dhcpd.conf(5) Main PID: 26158 (dhcpd) Status: "Dispatching packets..." CGroup: /system.slice/dhcpd.service `-26158 /usr/sbin/dhcpd -f -cf /etc/dhcp/dhcpd.conf -user dhcpd -group dhcpd --no-pid Mar 31 19:20:34 host01.rootlinks.net dhcpd[26158]: All rights reserved. Mar 31 19:20:34 host01.rootlinks.net dhcpd[26158]: For info, please visit https://www.isc.org/software/dhcp/ Mar 31 19:20:34 host01.rootlinks.net dhcpd[26158]: Not searching LDAP since ldap-server, ldap-port and ldap-base-dn were not specified in the config file Mar 31 19:20:34 host01.rootlinks.net dhcpd[26158]: Wrote 0 deleted host decls to leases file. Mar 31 19:20:34 host01.rootlinks.net dhcpd[26158]: Wrote 0 new dynamic host decls to leases file. Mar 31 19:20:34 host01.rootlinks.net dhcpd[26158]: Wrote 0 leases to leases file. Mar 31 19:20:34 host01.rootlinks.net dhcpd[26158]: Listening on LPF/eno16777736/00:0c:29:1d:bf:ff/192.168.10.0/24 Mar 31 19:20:34 host01.rootlinks.net dhcpd[26158]: Sending on LPF/eno16777736/00:0c:29:1d:bf:ff/192.168.10.0/24 Mar 31 19:20:34 host01.rootlinks.net dhcpd[26158]: Sending on Socket/fallback/fallback-net Mar 31 19:20:34 host01.rootlinks.net systemd[1]: Started DHCPv4 Server Daemon. |
man dhcpd.conf
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dhcpd.conf(5) File Formats Manual dhcpd.conf(5) NAME dhcpd.conf - dhcpd configuration file DESCRIPTION The dhcpd.conf file contains configuration information for dhcpd, the Internet Systems Consortium DHCP Server. The dhcpd.conf file is a free-form ASCII text file. It is parsed by the recursive-descent parser built into dhcpd. The file may contain extra tabs and newlines for formatting pur- poses. Keywords in the file are case-insensitive. Comments may be placed anywhere within the file (except within quotes). Comments begin with the # character and end at the end of the line. The file essentially consists of a list of statements. Statements fall into two broad categories - parameters and declarations. Parameter statements either say how to do something (e.g., how long a lease to offer), whether to do something (e.g., should dhcpd provide addresses to unknown clients), or what parameters to provide to the client (e.g., use gateway 220.177.244.7). Declarations are used to describe the topology of the network, to describe clients on the network, to provide addresses that can be assigned to clients, or to apply a group of parameters to a group of declarations. In any group of parameters and declarations, all parameters must be specified before any declarations which depend on those parameters may be specified. Declarations about network topology include the shared-network and the subnet declara- tions. If clients on a subnet are to be assigned addresses dynamically, a range declara- tion must appear within the subnet declaration. For clients with statically assigned addresses, or for installations where only known clients will be served, each such client must have a host declaration. If parameters are to be applied to a group of declarations which are not related strictly on a per-subnet basis, the group declaration can be used. For every subnet which will be served, and for every subnet to which the dhcp server is connected, there must be one subnet declaration, which tells dhcpd how to recognize that an address is on that subnet. A subnet declaration is required for each subnet even if no addresses will be dynamically allocated on that subnet. Some installations have physical networks on which more than one IP subnet operates. For example, if there is a site-wide requirement that 8-bit subnet masks be used, but a department with a single physical ethernet network expands to the point where it has more than 254 nodes, it may be necessary to run two 8-bit subnets on the same ethernet until such time as a new physical network can be added. In this case, the subnet declarations for these two networks must be enclosed in a shared-network declaration. Note that even when the shared-network declaration is absent, an empty one is created by the server to contain the subnet (and any scoped parameters included in the subnet). For practical purposes, this means that "stateless" DHCP clients, which are not tied to addresses (and therefore subnets) will receive the same configuration as stateful ones. Some sites may have departments which have clients on more than one subnet, but it may be desirable to offer those clients a uniform set of parameters which are different than what would be offered to clients from other departments on the same subnet. For clients which will be declared explicitly with host declarations, these declarations can be enclosed in a group declaration along with the parameters which are common to that department. For clients whose addresses will be dynamically assigned, class declarations and conditional declarations may be used to group parameter assignments based on information the client sends. When a client is to be booted, its boot parameters are determined by consulting that client's host declaration (if any), and then consulting any class declarations matching the client, followed by the pool, subnet and shared-network declarations for the IP address assigned to the client. Each of these declarations itself appears within a lexi- cal scope, and all declarations at less specific lexical scopes are also consulted for client option declarations. Scopes are never considered twice, and if parameters are declared in more than one scope, the parameter declared in the most specific scope is the one that is used. When dhcpd tries to find a host declaration for a client, it first looks for a host decla- ration which has a fixed-address declaration that lists an IP address that is valid for the subnet or shared network on which the client is booting. If it doesn't find any such entry, it tries to find an entry which has no fixed-address declaration. EXAMPLES A typical dhcpd.conf file will look something like this: global parameters... subnet 204.254.239.0 netmask 255.255.255.224 { subnet-specific parameters... range 204.254.239.10 204.254.239.30; } subnet 204.254.239.32 netmask 255.255.255.224 { subnet-specific parameters... range 204.254.239.42 204.254.239.62; } subnet 204.254.239.64 netmask 255.255.255.224 { subnet-specific parameters... range 204.254.239.74 204.254.239.94; } group { group-specific parameters... host zappo.test.isc.org { host-specific parameters... } host beppo.test.isc.org { host-specific parameters... } host harpo.test.isc.org { host-specific parameters... } } Figure 1 Notice that at the beginning of the file, there's a place for global parameters. These might be things like the organization's domain name, the addresses of the name servers (if they are common to the entire organization), and so on. So, for example: option domain-name "isc.org"; option domain-name-servers ns1.isc.org, ns2.isc.org; Figure 2 As you can see in Figure 2, you can specify host addresses in parameters using their domain names rather than their numeric IP addresses. If a given hostname resolves to more than one IP address (for example, if that host has two ethernet interfaces), then where possible, both addresses are supplied to the client. The most obvious reason for having subnet-specific parameters as shown in Figure 1 is that each subnet, of necessity, has its own router. So for the first subnet, for example, there should be something like: option routers 204.254.239.1; Note that the address here is specified numerically. This is not required - if you have a different domain name for each interface on your router, it's perfectly legitimate to use the domain name for that interface instead of the numeric address. However, in many cases there may be only one domain name for all of a router's IP addresses, and it would not be appropriate to use that name here. In Figure 1 there is also a group statement, which provides common parameters for a set of three hosts - zappo, beppo and harpo. As you can see, these hosts are all in the test.isc.org domain, so it might make sense for a group-specific parameter to override the domain name supplied to these hosts: option domain-name "test.isc.org"; Also, given the domain they're in, these are probably test machines. If we wanted to test the DHCP leasing mechanism, we might set the lease timeout somewhat shorter than the default: max-lease-time 120; default-lease-time 120; You may have noticed that while some parameters start with the option keyword, some do not. Parameters starting with the option keyword correspond to actual DHCP options, while parameters that do not start with the option keyword either control the behavior of the DHCP server (e.g., how long a lease dhcpd will give out), or specify client parameters that are not optional in the DHCP protocol (for example, server-name and filename). In Figure 1, each host had host-specific parameters. These could include such things as the hostname option, the name of a file to upload (the filename parameter) and the address of the server from which to upload the file (the next-server parameter). In general, any parameter can appear anywhere that parameters are allowed, and will be applied according to the scope in which the parameter appears. Imagine that you have a site with a lot of NCD X-Terminals. These terminals come in a variety of models, and you want to specify the boot files for each model. One way to do this would be to have host declarations for each server and group them by model: group { filename "Xncd19r"; next-server ncd-booter; host ncd1 { hardware ethernet 0:c0:c3:49:2b:57; } host ncd4 { hardware ethernet 0:c0:c3:80:fc:32; } host ncd8 { hardware ethernet 0:c0:c3:22:46:81; } } group { filename "Xncd19c"; next-server ncd-booter; host ncd2 { hardware ethernet 0:c0:c3:88:2d:81; } host ncd3 { hardware ethernet 0:c0:c3:00:14:11; } } group { filename "XncdHMX"; next-server ncd-booter; host ncd1 { hardware ethernet 0:c0:c3:11:90:23; } host ncd4 { hardware ethernet 0:c0:c3:91:a7:8; } host ncd8 { hardware ethernet 0:c0:c3:cc:a:8f; } } ADDRESS POOLS The pool declaration can be used to specify a pool of addresses that will be treated dif- ferently than another pool of addresses, even on the same network segment or subnet. For example, you may want to provide a large set of addresses that can be assigned to DHCP clients that are registered to your DHCP server, while providing a smaller set of addresses, possibly with short lease times, that are available for unknown clients. If you have a firewall, you may be able to arrange for addresses from one pool to be allowed access to the Internet, while addresses in another pool are not, thus encouraging users to register their DHCP clients. To do this, you would set up a pair of pool declarations: subnet 10.0.0.0 netmask 255.255.255.0 { option routers 10.0.0.254; # Unknown clients get this pool. pool { option domain-name-servers bogus.example.com; max-lease-time 300; range 10.0.0.200 10.0.0.253; allow unknown-clients; } # Known clients get this pool. pool { option domain-name-servers ns1.example.com, ns2.example.com; max-lease-time 28800; range 10.0.0.5 10.0.0.199; deny unknown-clients; } } It is also possible to set up entirely different subnets for known and unknown clients - address pools exist at the level of shared networks, so address ranges within pool decla- rations can be on different subnets. As you can see in the preceding example, pools can have permit lists that control which clients are allowed access to the pool and which aren't. Each entry in a pool's permit list is introduced with the allow or deny keyword. If a pool has a permit list, then only those clients that match specific entries on the permit list will be eligible to be assigned addresses from the pool. If a pool has a deny list, then only those clients that do not match any entries on the deny list will be eligible. If both permit and deny lists exist for a pool, then only clients that match the permit list and do not match the deny list will be allowed access. DYNAMIC ADDRESS ALLOCATION Address allocation is actually only done when a client is in the INIT state and has sent a DHCPDISCOVER message. If the client thinks it has a valid lease and sends a DHCPREQUEST to initiate or renew that lease, the server has only three choices - it can ignore the DHCPREQUEST, send a DHCPNAK to tell the client it should stop using the address, or send a DHCPACK, telling the client to go ahead and use the address for a while. If the server finds the address the client is requesting, and that address is available to the client, the server will send a DHCPACK. If the address is no longer available, or the client isn't permitted to have it, the server will send a DHCPNAK. If the server knows nothing about the address, it will remain silent, unless the address is incorrect for the network segment to which the client has been attached and the server is authoritative for that network segment, in which case the server will send a DHCPNAK even though it doesn't know about the address. There may be a host declaration matching the client's identification. If that host decla- ration contains a fixed-address declaration that lists an IP address that is valid for the network segment to which the client is connected. In this case, the DHCP server will never do dynamic address allocation. In this case, the client is required to take the address specified in the host declaration. If the client sends a DHCPREQUEST for some other address, the server will respond with a DHCPNAK. When the DHCP server allocates a new address for a client (remember, this only happens if the client has sent a DHCPDISCOVER), it first looks to see if the client already has a valid lease on an IP address, or if there is an old IP address the client had before that hasn't yet been reassigned. In that case, the server will take that address and check it to see if the client is still permitted to use it. If the client is no longer permitted to use it, the lease is freed if the server thought it was still in use - the fact that the client has sent a DHCPDISCOVER proves to the server that the client is no longer using the lease. If no existing lease is found, or if the client is forbidden to receive the existing lease, then the server will look in the list of address pools for the network segment to which the client is attached for a lease that is not in use and that the client is permit- ted to have. It looks through each pool declaration in sequence (all range declarations that appear outside of pool declarations are grouped into a single pool with no permit list). If the permit list for the pool allows the client to be allocated an address from that pool, the pool is examined to see if there is an address available. If so, then the client is tentatively assigned that address. Otherwise, the next pool is tested. If no addresses are found that can be assigned to the client, no response is sent to the client. If an address is found that the client is permitted to have, and that has never been assigned to any client before, the address is immediately allocated to the client. If the address is available for allocation but has been previously assigned to a different client, the server will keep looking in hopes of finding an address that has never before been assigned to a client. The DHCP server generates the list of available IP addresses from a hash table. This means that the addresses are not sorted in any particular order, and so it is not possible to predict the order in which the DHCP server will allocate IP addresses. Users of previ- ous versions of the ISC DHCP server may have become accustomed to the DHCP server allocat- ing IP addresses in ascending order, but this is no longer possible, and there is no way to configure this behavior with version 3 of the ISC DHCP server. IP ADDRESS CONFLICT PREVENTION The DHCP server checks IP addresses to see if they are in use before allocating them to clients. It does this by sending an ICMP Echo request message to the IP address being allocated. If no ICMP Echo reply is received within a second, the address is assumed to be free. This is only done for leases that have been specified in range statements, and only when the lease is thought by the DHCP server to be free - i.e., the DHCP server or its failover peer has not listed the lease as in use. If a response is received to an ICMP Echo request, the DHCP server assumes that there is a configuration error - the IP address is in use by some host on the network that is not a DHCP client. It marks the address as abandoned, and will not assign it to clients. If a DHCP client tries to get an IP address, but none are available, but there are aban- doned IP addresses, then the DHCP server will attempt to reclaim an abandoned IP address. It marks one IP address as free, and then does the same ICMP Echo request check described previously. If there is no answer to the ICMP Echo request, the address is assigned to the client. The DHCP server does not cycle through abandoned IP addresses if the first IP address it tries to reclaim is free. Rather, when the next DHCPDISCOVER comes in from the client, it will attempt a new allocation using the same method described here, and will typically try a new IP address. DHCP FAILOVER This version of the ISC DHCP server supports the DHCP failover protocol as documented in draft-ietf-dhc-failover-12.txt. This is not a final protocol document, and we have not done interoperability testing with other vendors' implementations of this protocol, so you must not assume that this implementation conforms to the standard. If you wish to use the failover protocol, make sure that both failover peers are running the same version of the ISC DHCP server. The failover protocol allows two DHCP servers (and no more than two) to share a common address pool. Each server will have about half of the available IP addresses in the pool at any given time for allocation. If one server fails, the other server will continue to renew leases out of the pool, and will allocate new addresses out of the roughly half of available addresses that it had when communications with the other server were lost. It is possible during a prolonged failure to tell the remaining server that the other server is down, in which case the remaining server will (over time) reclaim all the addresses the other server had available for allocation, and begin to reuse them. This is called putting the server into the PARTNER-DOWN state. You can put the server into the PARTNER-DOWN state either by using the omshell (1) command or by stopping the server, editing the last failover state declaration in the lease file, and restarting the server. If you use this last method, change the "my state" line to: failover peer name state { my state partner-down; peer state state at date; } It is only required to change "my state" as shown above. When the other server comes back online, it should automatically detect that it has been offline and request a complete update from the server that was running in the PARTNER-DOWN state, and then both servers will resume processing together. It is possible to get into a dangerous situation: if you put one server into the PARTNER- DOWN state, and then *that* server goes down, and the other server comes back up, the other server will not know that the first server was in the PARTNER-DOWN state, and may issue addresses previously issued by the other server to different clients, resulting in IP address conflicts. Before putting a server into PARTNER-DOWN state, therefore, make sure that the other server will not restart automatically. The failover protocol defines a primary server role and a secondary server role. There are some differences in how primaries and secondaries act, but most of the differences simply have to do with providing a way for each peer to behave in the opposite way from the other. So one server must be configured as primary, and the other must be configured as secondary, and it doesn't matter too much which one is which. FAILOVER STARTUP When a server starts that has not previously communicated with its failover peer, it must establish communications with its failover peer and synchronize with it before it can serve clients. This can happen either because you have just configured your DHCP servers to perform failover for the first time, or because one of your failover servers has failed catastrophically and lost its database. The initial recovery process is designed to ensure that when one failover peer loses its database and then resynchronizes, any leases that the failed server gave out before it failed will be honored. When the failed server starts up, it notices that it has no saved failover state, and attempts to contact its peer. When it has established contact, it asks the peer for a complete copy its peer's lease database. The peer then sends its complete database, and sends a message indicating that it is done. The failed server then waits until MCLT has passed, and once MCLT has passed both servers make the transition back into normal operation. This waiting period ensures that any leases the failed server may have given out while out of contact with its partner will have expired. While the failed server is recovering, its partner remains in the partner-down state, which means that it is serving all clients. The failed server provides no service at all to DHCP clients until it has made the transition into normal operation. In the case where both servers detect that they have never before communicated with their partner, they both come up in this recovery state and follow the procedure we have just described. In this case, no service will be provided to DHCP clients until MCLT has expired. CONFIGURING FAILOVER In order to configure failover, you need to write a peer declaration that configures the failover protocol, and you need to write peer references in each pool declaration for which you want to do failover. You do not have to do failover for all pools on a given network segment. You must not tell one server it's doing failover on a particular address pool and tell the other it is not. You must not have any common address pools on which you are not doing failover. A pool declaration that utilizes failover would look like this: pool { failover peer "foo"; pool specific parameters }; Dynamic BOOTP leases are not compatible with failover, and, as such, you need to disallow BOOTP in pools that you are using failover for. The server currently does very little sanity checking, so if you configure it wrong, it will just fail in odd ways. I would recommend therefore that you either do failover or don't do failover, but don't do any mixed pools. Also, use the same master configura- tion file for both servers, and have a separate file that contains the peer dec- laration and includes the master file. This will help you to avoid configuration mis- matches. As our implementation evolves, this will become less of a problem. A basic sample dhcpd.conf file for a primary server might look like this: failover peer "foo" { primary; address anthrax.rc.vix.com; port 647; peer address trantor.rc.vix.com; peer port 847; max-response-delay 60; max-unacked-updates 10; mclt 3600; split 128; load balance max seconds 3; } include "/etc/dhcpd.master"; The statements in the peer declaration are as follows: The primary and secondary statements [ primary | secondary ]; This determines whether the server is primary or secondary, as described earlier under DHCP FAILOVER. The address statement address address; The address statement declares the IP address or DNS name on which the server should listen for connections from its failover peer, and also the value to use for the DHCP Failover Protocol server identifier. Because this value is used as an identifier, it may not be omitted. The peer address statement peer address address; The peer address statement declares the IP address or DNS name to which the server should connect to reach its failover peer for failover messages. The port statement port port-number; The port statement declares the TCP port on which the server should listen for connec- tions from its failover peer. This statement may be omitted, in which case the IANA assigned port number 647 will be used by default. The peer port statement peer port port-number; The peer port statement declares the TCP port to which the server should connect to reach its failover peer for failover messages. This statement may be omitted, in which case the IANA assigned port number 647 will be used by default. The max-response-delay statement max-response-delay seconds; The max-response-delay statement tells the DHCP server how many seconds may pass without receiving a message from its failover peer before it assumes that connection has failed. This number should be small enough that a transient network failure that breaks the con- nection will not result in the servers being out of communication for a long time, but large enough that the server isn't constantly making and breaking connections. This parameter must be specified. The max-unacked-updates statement max-unacked-updates count; The max-unacked-updates statement tells the remote DHCP server how many BNDUPD messages it can send before it receives a BNDACK from the local system. We don't have enough operational experience to say what a good value for this is, but 10 seems to work. This parameter must be specified. The mclt statement mclt seconds; The mclt statement defines the Maximum Client Lead Time. It must be specified on the primary, and may not be specified on the secondary. This is the length of time for which a lease may be renewed by either failover peer without contacting the other. The longer you set this, the longer it will take for the running server to recover IP addresses after moving into PARTNER-DOWN state. The shorter you set it, the more load your servers will experience when they are not communicating. A value of something like 3600 is probably reasonable, but again bear in mind that we have no real operational experience with this. The split statement split index; The split statement specifies the split between the primary and secondary for the pur- poses of load balancing. Whenever a client makes a DHCP request, the DHCP server runs a hash on the client identification, resulting in value from 0 to 255. This is used as an index into a 256 bit field. If the bit at that index is set, the primary is responsi- ble. If the bit at that index is not set, the secondary is responsible. The split value determines how many of the leading bits are set to one. So, in practice, higher split values will cause the primary to serve more clients than the secondary. Lower split values, the converse. Legal values are between 0 and 255, of which the most rea- sonable is 128. The hba statement hba colon-separated-hex-list; The hba statement specifies the split between the primary and secondary as a bitmap rather than a cutoff, which theoretically allows for finer-grained control. In prac- tice, there is probably no need for such fine-grained control, however. An example hba statement: hba ff:ff:ff:ff:ff:ff:ff:ff:ff:ff:ff:ff:ff:ff:ff:ff: 00:00:00:00:00:00:00:00:00:00:00:00:00:00:00:00; This is equivalent to a split 128; statement, and identical. The following two examples are also equivalent to a split of 128, but are not identical: hba aa:aa:aa:aa:aa:aa:aa:aa:aa:aa:aa:aa:aa:aa:aa:aa: aa:aa:aa:aa:aa:aa:aa:aa:aa:aa:aa:aa:aa:aa:aa:aa; hba 55:55:55:55:55:55:55:55:55:55:55:55:55:55:55:55: 55:55:55:55:55:55:55:55:55:55:55:55:55:55:55:55; They are equivalent, because half the bits are set to 0, half are set to 1 (0xa and 0x5 are 1010 and 0101 binary respectively) and consequently this would roughly divide the clients equally between the servers. They are not identical, because the actual peers this would load balance to each server are different for each example. You must only have split or hba defined, never both. For most cases, the fine-grained control that hba offers isn't necessary, and split should be used. The load balance max seconds statement load balance max seconds seconds; This statement allows you to configure a cutoff after which load balancing is disabled. The cutoff is based on the number of seconds since the client sent its first DHCPDIS- COVER or DHCPREQUEST message, and only works with clients that correctly implement the secs field - fortunately most clients do. We recommend setting this to something like 3 or 5. The effect of this is that if one of the failover peers gets into a state where it is responding to failover messages but not responding to some client requests, the other failover peer will take over its client load automatically as the clients retry. The auto-partner-down statement auto-partner-down seconds; This statement instructs the server to initiate a timed delay upon entering the communi- cations-interrupted state (any situation of being out-of-contact with the remote failover peer). At the conclusion of the timer, the server will automatically enter the partner-down state. This permits the server to allocate leases from the partner's free lease pool after an STOS+MCLT timer expires, which can be dangerous if the partner is in fact operating at the time (the two servers will give conflicting bindings). Think very carefully before enabling this feature. The partner-down and communications- interrupted states are intentionally segregated because there do exist situations where a failover server can fail to communicate with its peer, but still has the ability to receive and reply to requests from DHCP clients. In general, this feature should only be used in those deployments where the failover servers are directly connected to one another, such as by a dedicated hardwired link ("a heartbeat cable"). A zero value disables the auto-partner-down feature (also the default), and any positive value indicates the time in seconds to wait before automatically entering partner-down. The Failover pool balance statements. max-lease-misbalance percentage; max-lease-ownership percentage; min-balance seconds; max-balance seconds; This version of the DHCP Server evaluates pool balance on a schedule, rather than on demand as leases are allocated. The latter approach proved to be slightly klunky when pool misbalanced reach total saturation...when any server ran out of leases to assign, it also lost its ability to notice it had run dry. In order to understand pool balance, some elements of its operation first need to be defined. First, there are 'free' and 'backup' leases. Both of these are referred to as 'free state leases'. 'free' and 'backup' are 'the free states' for the purpose of this document. The difference is that only the primary may allocate from 'free' leases unless under special circumstances, and only the secondary may allocate 'backup' leases. When pool balance is performed, the only plausible expectation is to provide a 50/50 split of the free state leases between the two servers. This is because no one can pre- dict which server will fail, regardless of the relative load placed upon the two servers, so giving each server half the leases gives both servers the same amount of 'failure endurance'. Therefore, there is no way to configure any different behaviour, outside of some very small windows we will describe shortly. The first thing calculated on any pool balance run is a value referred to as 'lts', or "Leases To Send". This, simply, is the difference in the count of free and backup leases, divided by two. For the secondary, it is the difference in the backup and free leases, divided by two. The resulting value is signed: if it is positive, the local server is expected to hand out leases to retain a 50/50 balance. If it is negative, the remote server would need to send leases to balance the pool. Once the lts value reaches zero, the pool is perfectly balanced (give or take one lease in the case of an odd num- ber of total free state leases). The current approach is still something of a hybrid of the old approach, marked by the presence of the max-lease-misbalance statement. This parameter configures what used to be a 10% fixed value in previous versions: if lts is less than free+backup * max-lease- misbalance percent, then the server will skip balancing a given pool (it won't bother moving any leases, even if some leases "should" be moved). The meaning of this value is also somewhat overloaded, however, in that it also governs the estimation of when to attempt to balance the pool (which may then also be skipped over). The oldest leases in the free and backup states are examined. The time they have resided in their respective queues is used as an estimate to indicate how much time it is probable it would take before the leases at the top of the list would be consumed (and thus, how long it would take to use all leases in that state). This percentage is directly multiplied by this time, and fit into the schedule if it falls within the min-balance and max-balance con- figured values. The scheduled pool check time is only moved in a downwards direction, it is never increased. Lastly, if the lts is more than double this number in the nega- tive direction, the local server will 'panic' and transmit a Failover protocol POOLREQ message, in the hopes that the remote system will be woken up into action. Once the lts value exceeds the max-lease-misbalance percentage of total free state leases as described above, leases are moved to the remote server. This is done in two passes. In the first pass, only leases whose most recent bound client would have been served by the remote server - according to the Load Balance Algorithm (see above split and hba configuration statements) - are given away to the peer. This first pass will happily continue to give away leases, decrementing the lts value by one for each, until the lts value has reached the negative of the total number of leases multiplied by the max- lease-ownership percentage. So it is through this value that you can permit a small misbalance of the lease pools - for the purpose of giving the peer more than a 50/50 share of leases in the hopes that their clients might some day return and be allocated by the peer (operating normally). This process is referred to as 'MAC Address Affin- ity', but this is somewhat misnamed: it applies equally to DHCP Client Identifier options. Note also that affinity is applied to leases when they enter the state 'free' from 'expired' or 'released'. In this case also, leases will not be moved from free to backup if the secondary already has more than its share. The second pass is only entered into if the first pass fails to reduce the lts under- neath the total number of free state leases multiplied by the max-lease-ownership per- centage. In this pass, the oldest leases are given over to the peer without second thought about the Load Balance Algorithm, and this continues until the lts falls under this value. In this way, the local server will also happily keep a small percentage of the leases that would normally load balance to itself. So, the max-lease-misbalance value acts as a behavioural gate. Smaller values will cause more leases to transition states to balance the pools over time, higher values will decrease the amount of change (but may lead to pool starvation if there's a run on leases). The max-lease-ownership value permits a small (percentage) skew in the lease balance of a percentage of the total number of free state leases. Finally, the min-balance and max-balance make certain that a scheduled rebalance event happens within a reasonable timeframe (not to be thrown off by, for example, a 7 year old free lease). Plausible values for the percentages lie between 0 and 100, inclusive, but values over 50 are indistinguishable from one another (once lts exceeds 50% of the free state leases, one server must therefore have 100% of the leases in its respective free state). It is recommended to select a max-lease-ownership value that is lower than the value selected for the max-lease-misbalance value. max-lease-ownership defaults to 10, and max-lease-misbalance defaults to 15. Plausible values for the min-balance and max-balance times also range from 0 to (2^32)-1 (or the limit of your local time_t value), but default to values 60 and 3600 respec- tively (to place balance events between 1 minute and 1 hour). CLIENT CLASSING Clients can be separated into classes, and treated differently depending on what class they are in. This separation can be done either with a conditional statement, or with a match statement within the class declaration. It is possible to specify a limit on the total number of clients within a particular class or subclass that may hold leases at one time, and it is possible to specify automatic subclassing based on the contents of the client packet. To add clients to classes based on conditional evaluation, you can specify a matching expression in the class statement: class "ras-clients" { match if substring (option dhcp-client-identifier, 1, 3) = "RAS"; } Note that whether you use matching expressions or add statements (or both) to classify clients, you must always write a class declaration for any class that you use. If there will be no match statement and no in-scope statements for a class, the declaration should look like this: class "ras-clients" { } SUBCLASSES In addition to classes, it is possible to declare subclasses. A subclass is a class with the same name as a regular class, but with a specific submatch expression which is hashed for quick matching. This is essentially a speed hack - the main difference between five classes with match expressions and one class with five subclasses is that it will be quicker to find the subclasses. Subclasses work as follows: class "allocation-class-1" { match pick-first-value (option dhcp-client-identifier, hardware); } class "allocation-class-2" { match pick-first-value (option dhcp-client-identifier, hardware); } subclass "allocation-class-1" 1:8:0:2b:4c:39:ad; subclass "allocation-class-2" 1:8:0:2b:a9:cc:e3; subclass "allocation-class-1" 1:0:0:c4:aa:29:44; subnet 10.0.0.0 netmask 255.255.255.0 { pool { allow members of "allocation-class-1"; range 10.0.0.11 10.0.0.50; } pool { allow members of "allocation-class-2"; range 10.0.0.51 10.0.0.100; } } The data following the class name in the subclass declaration is a constant value to use in matching the match expression for the class. When class matching is done, the server will evaluate the match expression and then look the result up in the hash table. If it finds a match, the client is considered a member of both the class and the subclass. Subclasses can be declared with or without scope. In the above example, the sole purpose of the subclass is to allow some clients access to one address pool, while other clients are given access to the other pool, so these subclasses are declared without scopes. If part of the purpose of the subclass were to define different parameter values for some clients, you might want to declare some subclasses with scopes. In the above example, if you had a single client that needed some configuration parame- ters, while most didn't, you might write the following subclass declaration for that client: subclass "allocation-class-2" 1:08:00:2b:a1:11:31 { option root-path "samsara:/var/diskless/alphapc"; filename "/tftpboot/netbsd.alphapc-diskless"; } In this example, we've used subclassing as a way to control address allocation on a per- client basis. However, it's also possible to use subclassing in ways that are not spe- cific to clients - for example, to use the value of the vendor-class-identifier option to determine what values to send in the vendor-encapsulated-options option. An example of this is shown under the VENDOR ENCAPSULATED OPTIONS head in the dhcp-options(5) manual page. PER-CLASS LIMITS ON DYNAMIC ADDRESS ALLOCATION You may specify a limit to the number of clients in a class that can be assigned leases. The effect of this will be to make it difficult for a new client in a class to get an address. Once a class with such a limit has reached its limit, the only way a new client in that class can get a lease is for an existing client to relinquish its lease, either by letting it expire, or by sending a DHCPRELEASE packet. Classes with lease limits are specified as follows: class "limited-1" { lease limit 4; } This will produce a class in which a maximum of four members may hold a lease at one time. SPAWNING CLASSES It is possible to declare a spawning class. A spawning class is a class that automati- cally produces subclasses based on what the client sends. The reason that spawning classes were created was to make it possible to create lease-limited classes on the fly. The envisioned application is a cable-modem environment where the ISP wishes to provide clients at a particular site with more than one IP address, but does not wish to provide such clients with their own subnet, nor give them an unlimited number of IP addresses from the network segment to which they are connected. Many cable modem head-end systems can be configured to add a Relay Agent Information option to DHCP packets when relaying them to the DHCP server. These systems typically add a circuit ID or remote ID option that uniquely identifies the customer site. To take advantage of this, you can write a class declaration as follows: class "customer" { spawn with option agent.circuit-id; lease limit 4; } Now whenever a request comes in from a customer site, the circuit ID option will be checked against the class's hash table. If a subclass is found that matches the circuit ID, the client will be classified in that subclass and treated accordingly. If no sub- class is found matching the circuit ID, a new one will be created and logged in the dhcpd.leases file, and the client will be classified in this new class. Once the client has been classified, it will be treated according to the rules of the class, including, in this case, being subject to the per-site limit of four leases. The use of the subclass spawning mechanism is not restricted to relay agent options - this particular example is given only because it is a fairly straightforward one. COMBINING MATCH, MATCH IF AND SPAWN WITH In some cases, it may be useful to use one expression to assign a client to a particular class, and a second expression to put it into a subclass of that class. This can be done by combining the match if and spawn with statements, or the match if and match statements. For example: class "jr-cable-modems" { match if option dhcp-vendor-identifier = "jrcm"; spawn with option agent.circuit-id; lease limit 4; } class "dv-dsl-modems" { match if option dhcp-vendor-identifier = "dvdsl"; spawn with option agent.circuit-id; lease limit 16; } This allows you to have two classes that both have the same spawn with expression without getting the clients in the two classes confused with each other. DYNAMIC DNS UPDATES The DHCP server has the ability to dynamically update the Domain Name System. Within the configuration files, you can define how you want the Domain Name System to be updated. These updates are RFC 2136 compliant so any DNS server supporting RFC 2136 should be able to accept updates from the DHCP server. Two DNS update schemes are currently implemented, and another is planned. The two that are currently implemented are the ad-hoc DNS update mode and the interim DHCP-DNS interac- tion draft update mode. In the future we plan to add a third mode which will be the stan- dard DNS update method based on the RFCS for DHCP-DNS interaction and DHCID The DHCP server must be configured to use one of the two currently-supported methods, or not to do dns updates. This can be done with the ddns-update-style configuration parameter. THE AD-HOC DNS UPDATE SCHEME The ad-hoc Dynamic DNS update scheme is now deprecated and does not work. In future releases of the ISC DHCP server, this scheme will not likely be available. The interim scheme works, allows for failover, and should now be used. The following description is left here for informational purposes only. The ad-hoc Dynamic DNS update scheme implemented in this version of the ISC DHCP server is a prototype design, which does not have much to do with the standard update method that is being standardized in the IETF DHC working group, but rather implements some very basic, yet useful, update capabilities. This mode does not work with the failover protocol because it does not account for the possibility of two different DHCP servers updating the same set of DNS records. For the ad-hoc DNS update method, the client's FQDN is derived in two parts. First, the hostname is determined. Then, the domain name is determined, and appended to the host- name. The DHCP server determines the client's hostname by first looking for a ddns-hostname con- figuration option, and using that if it is present. If no such option is present, the server looks for a valid hostname in the FQDN option sent by the client. If one is found, it is used; otherwise, if the client sent a host-name option, that is used. Otherwise, if there is a host declaration that applies to the client, the name from that declaration will be used. If none of these applies, the server will not have a hostname for the client, and will not be able to do a DNS update. The domain name is determined from the ddns-domainname configuration option. The default configuration for this option is: option server.ddns-domainname = config-option domain-name; So if this configuration option is not configured to a different value (over-riding the above default), or if a domain-name option has not been configured for the client's scope, then the server will not attempt to perform a DNS update. The client's fully-qualified domain name, derived as we have described, is used as the name on which an "A" record will be stored. The A record will contain the IP address that the client was assigned in its lease. If there is already an A record with the same name in the DNS server, no update of either the A or PTR records will occur - this prevents a client from claiming that its hostname is the name of some network server. For example, if you have a fileserver called "fs.sneedville.edu", and the client claims its hostname is "fs", no DNS update will be done for that client, and an error message will be logged. If the A record update succeeds, a PTR record update for the assigned IP address will be done, pointing to the A record. This update is unconditional - it will be done even if another PTR record of the same name exists. Since the IP address has been assigned to the DHCP server, this should be safe. Please note that the current implementation assumes clients only have a single network interface. A client with two network interfaces will see unpredictable behavior. This is considered a bug, and will be fixed in a later release. It may be helpful to enable the one-lease-per-client parameter so that roaming clients do not trigger this same behavior. The DHCP protocol normally involves a four-packet exchange - first the client sends a DHCPDISCOVER message, then the server sends a DHCPOFFER, then the client sends a DHCPRE- QUEST, then the server sends a DHCPACK. In the current version of the server, the server will do a DNS update after it has received the DHCPREQUEST, and before it has sent the DHCPACK. It only sends the DNS update if it has not sent one for the client's address before, in order to minimize the impact on the DHCP server. When the client's lease expires, the DHCP server (if it is operating at the time, or when next it operates) will remove the client's A and PTR records from the DNS database. If the client releases its lease by sending a DHCPRELEASE message, the server will likewise remove the A and PTR records. THE INTERIM DNS UPDATE SCHEME The interim DNS update scheme operates mostly according to several drafts considered by the IETF. While the drafts have since become RFCs the code was written before they were finalized and there are some differences between our code and the final RFCs. We plan to update our code, probably adding a standard DNS update option, at some time. The basic framework is similar with the main material difference being that a DHCID RR was assigned in the RFCs whereas our code continues to use an experimental TXT record. The format of the TXT record bears a resemblance to the DHCID RR but it is not equivalent (MD5 vs SHA1, field length differences etc). The standard RFCs are: RFC 4701 (updated by RF5494) RFC 4702 RFC 4703 And the corresponding drafts were: draft-ietf-dnsext-dhcid-rr-??.txt draft-ietf-dhc-fqdn-option-??.txt draft-ietf-dhc-ddns-resolution-??.txt Because our implementation is slightly different than the standard, we will briefly docu- ment the operation of this update style here. The first point to understand about this style of DNS update is that unlike the ad-hoc style, the DHCP server does not necessarily always update both the A and the PTR records. The FQDN option includes a flag which, when sent by the client, indicates that the client wishes to update its own A record. In that case, the server can be configured either to honor the client's intentions or ignore them. This is done with the statement allow client-updates; or the statement ignore client-updates;. By default, client updates are allowed. If the server is configured to allow client updates, then if the client sends a fully- qualified domain name in the FQDN option, the server will use that name the client sent in the FQDN option to update the PTR record. For example, let us say that the client is a visitor from the "radish.org" domain, whose hostname is "jschmoe". The server is for the "example.org" domain. The DHCP client indicates in the FQDN option that its FQDN is "jschmoe.radish.org.". It also indicates that it wants to update its own A record. The DHCP server therefore does not attempt to set up an A record for the client, but does set up a PTR record for the IP address that it assigns the client, pointing at jschmoe.radish.org. Once the DHCP client has an IP address, it can update its own A record, assuming that the "radish.org" DNS server will allow it to do so. If the server is configured not to allow client updates, or if the client doesn't want to do its own update, the server will simply choose a name for the client from either the fqdn option (if present) or the hostname option (if present). It will use its own domain name for the client, just as in the ad-hoc update scheme. It will then update both the A and PTR record, using the name that it chose for the client. If the client sends a fully- qualified domain name in the fqdn option, the server uses only the leftmost part of the domain name - in the example above, "jschmoe" instead of "jschmoe.radish.org". Further, if the ignore client-updates; directive is used, then the server will in addition send a response in the DHCP packet, using the FQDN Option, that implies to the client that it should perform its own updates if it chooses to do so. With deny client-updates;, a response is sent which indicates the client may not perform updates. Also, if the use-host-decl-names configuration option is enabled, then the host declara- tion's hostname will be used in place of the hostname option, and the same rules will apply as described above. The other difference between the ad-hoc scheme and the interim scheme is that with the interim scheme, a method is used that allows more than one DHCP server to update the DNS database without accidentally deleting A records that shouldn't be deleted nor failing to add A records that should be added. The scheme works as follows: When the DHCP server issues a client a new lease, it creates a text string that is an MD5 hash over the DHCP client's identification (see draft-ietf-dnsext-dhcid-rr-??.txt for details). The update adds an A record with the name the server chose and a TXT record containing the hashed identifier string (hashid). If this update succeeds, the server is done. If the update fails because the A record already exists, then the DHCP server attempts to add the A record with the prerequisite that there must be a TXT record in the same name as the new A record, and that TXT record's contents must be equal to hashid. If this update succeeds, then the client has its A record and PTR record. If it fails, then the name the client has been assigned (or requested) is in use, and can't be used by the client. At this point the DHCP server gives up trying to do a DNS update for the client until the client chooses a new name. The interim DNS update scheme is called interim for two reasons. First, it does not quite follow the RFCs. The RFCs call for a new DHCID RRtype while he interim DNS update scheme uses a TXT record. The ddns-resolution draft called for the DHCP server to put a DHCID RR on the PTR record, but the interim update method does not do this. In the final RFC this requirement was relaxed such that a server may add a DHCID RR to the PTR record. In addition to these differences, the server also does not update very aggressively. Because each DNS update involves a round trip to the DNS server, there is a cost associ- ated with doing updates even if they do not actually modify the DNS database. So the DHCP server tracks whether or not it has updated the record in the past (this information is stored on the lease) and does not attempt to update records that it thinks it has already updated. This can lead to cases where the DHCP server adds a record, and then the record is deleted through some other mechanism, but the server never again updates the DNS because it thinks the data is already there. In this case the data can be removed from the lease through operator intervention, and once this has been done, the DNS will be updated the next time the client renews. DYNAMIC DNS UPDATE SECURITY When you set your DNS server up to allow updates from the DHCP server, you may be exposing it to unauthorized updates. To avoid this, you should use TSIG signatures - a method of cryptographically signing updates using a shared secret key. As long as you protect the secrecy of this key, your updates should also be secure. Note, however, that the DHCP protocol itself provides no security, and that clients can therefore provide information to the DHCP server which the DHCP server will then use in its updates, with the con- straints described previously. The DNS server must be configured to allow updates for any zone that the DHCP server will be updating. For example, let us say that clients in the sneedville.edu domain will be assigned addresses on the 10.10.17.0/24 subnet. In that case, you will need a key decla- ration for the TSIG key you will be using, and also two zone declarations - one for the zone containing A records that will be updates and one for the zone containing PTR records - for ISC BIND, something like this: key DHCP_UPDATER { algorithm hmac-md5; secret pRP5FapFoJ95JEL06sv4PQ==; }; zone "example.org" { type master; file "example.org.db"; allow-update { key DHCP_UPDATER; }; }; zone "17.10.10.in-addr.arpa" { type master; file "10.10.17.db"; allow-update { key DHCP_UPDATER; }; }; You will also have to configure your DHCP server to do updates to these zones. To do so, you need to add something like this to your dhcpd.conf file: key DHCP_UPDATER { algorithm hmac-md5; secret pRP5FapFoJ95JEL06sv4PQ==; }; zone EXAMPLE.ORG. { primary 127.0.0.1; key DHCP_UPDATER; } zone 17.127.10.in-addr.arpa. { primary 127.0.0.1; key DHCP_UPDATER; } The primary statement specifies the IP address of the name server whose zone information is to be updated. In addition to the primary statement there are also the primary6 , sec- ondary and secondary6 statements. The primary6 statement specifies an IPv6 address for the name server. The secondaries provide for additional addresses for name servers to be used if the primary does not respond. The number of name servers the DDNS code will attempt to use before giving up is limited and is currently set to three. Note that the zone declarations have to correspond to authority records in your name server - in the above example, there must be an SOA record for "example.org." and for "17.10.10.in-addr.arpa.". For example, if there were a subdomain "foo.example.org" with no separate SOA, you could not write a zone declaration for "foo.example.org." Also keep in mind that zone names in your DHCP configuration should end in a "."; this is the pre- ferred syntax. If you do not end your zone name in a ".", the DHCP server will figure it out. Also note that in the DHCP configuration, zone names are not encapsulated in quotes where there are in the DNS configuration. You should choose your own secret key, of course. The ISC BIND 8 and 9 distributions come with a program for generating secret keys called dnssec-keygen. The version that comes with BIND 9 is likely to produce a substantially more random key, so we recommend you use that one even if you are not using BIND 9 as your DNS server. If you are using BIND 9's dnssec-keygen, the above key would be created as follows: dnssec-keygen -a HMAC-MD5 -b 128 -n USER DHCP_UPDATER If you are using the BIND 8 dnskeygen program, the following command will generate a key as seen above: dnskeygen -H 128 -u -c -n DHCP_UPDATER You may wish to enable logging of DNS updates on your DNS server. To do so, you might write a logging statement like the following: logging { channel update_debug { file "/var/log/update-debug.log"; severity debug 3; print-category yes; print-severity yes; print-time yes; }; channel security_info { file "/var/log/named-auth.info"; severity info; print-category yes; print-severity yes; print-time yes; }; category update { update_debug; }; category security { security_info; }; }; You must create the /var/log/named-auth.info and /var/log/update-debug.log files before starting the name server. For more information on configuring ISC BIND, consult the docu- mentation that accompanies it. REFERENCE: EVENTS There are three kinds of events that can happen regarding a lease, and it is possible to declare statements that occur when any of these events happen. These events are the com- mit event, when the server has made a commitment of a certain lease to a client, the release event, when the client has released the server from its commitment, and the expiry event, when the commitment expires. To declare a set of statements to execute when an event happens, you must use the on statement, followed by the name of the event, followed by a series of statements to exe- cute when the event happens, enclosed in braces. Events are used to implement DNS updates, so you should not define your own event handlers if you are using the built-in DNS update mechanism. The built-in version of the DNS update mechanism is in a text string towards the top of server/dhcpd.c. If you want to use events for things other than DNS updates, and you also want DNS updates, you will have to start out by copying this code into your dhcpd.conf file and modifying it. REFERENCE: DECLARATIONS The include statement include "filename"; The include statement is used to read in a named file, and process the contents of that file as though it were entered in place of the include statement. The shared-network statement shared-network name { [ parameters ] [ declarations ] } The shared-network statement is used to inform the DHCP server that some IP subnets actu- ally share the same physical network. Any subnets in a shared network should be declared within a shared-network statement. Parameters specified in the shared-network statement will be used when booting clients on those subnets unless parameters provided at the sub- net or host level override them. If any subnet in a shared network has addresses avail- able for dynamic allocation, those addresses are collected into a common pool for that shared network and assigned to clients as needed. There is no way to distinguish on which subnet of a shared network a client should boot. Name should be the name of the shared network. This name is used when printing debugging messages, so it should be descriptive for the shared network. The name may have the syn- tax of a valid domain name (although it will never be used as such), or it may be any arbitrary name, enclosed in quotes. The subnet statement subnet subnet-number netmask netmask { [ parameters ] [ declarations ] } The subnet statement is used to provide dhcpd with enough information to tell whether or not an IP address is on that subnet. It may also be used to provide subnet-specific parameters and to specify what addresses may be dynamically allocated to clients booting on that subnet. Such addresses are specified using the range declaration. The subnet-number should be an IP address or domain name which resolves to the subnet num- ber of the subnet being described. The netmask should be an IP address or domain name which resolves to the subnet mask of the subnet being described. The subnet number, together with the netmask, are sufficient to determine whether any given IP address is on the specified subnet. Although a netmask must be given with every subnet declaration, it is recommended that if there is any variance in subnet masks at a site, a subnet-mask option statement be used in each subnet declaration to set the desired subnet mask, since any subnet-mask option statement will override the subnet mask declared in the subnet statement. The subnet6 statement subnet6 subnet6-number { [ parameters ] [ declarations ] } The subnet6 statement is used to provide dhcpd with enough information to tell whether or not an IPv6 address is on that subnet6. It may also be used to provide subnet-specific parameters and to specify what addresses may be dynamically allocated to clients booting on that subnet. The subnet6-number should be an IPv6 network identifier, specified as ip6-address/bits. The range statement range [ dynamic-bootp ] low-address [ high-address]; For any subnet on which addresses will be assigned dynamically, there must be at least one range statement. The range statement gives the lowest and highest IP addresses in a range. All IP addresses in the range should be in the subnet in which the range statement is declared. The dynamic-bootp flag may be specified if addresses in the specified range may be dynamically assigned to BOOTP clients as well as DHCP clients. When specifying a single address, high-address can be omitted. The range6 statement range6 low-address high-address; range6 subnet6-number; range6 subnet6-number temporary; range6 address temporary; For any IPv6 subnet6 on which addresses will be assigned dynamically, there must be at least one range6 statement. The range6 statement can either be the lowest and highest IPv6 addresses in a range6, or use CIDR notation, specified as ip6-address/bits. All IP addresses in the range6 should be in the subnet6 in which the range6 statement is declared. The temporary variant makes the prefix (by default on 64 bits) available for temporary (RFC 4941) addresses. A new address per prefix in the shared network is computed at each request with an IA_TA option. Release and Confirm ignores temporary addresses. Any IPv6 addresses given to hosts with fixed-address6 are excluded from the range6, as are IPv6 addresses on the server itself. The prefix6 statement prefix6 low-address high-address / bits; The prefix6 is the range6 equivalent for Prefix Delegation (RFC 3633). Prefixes of bits length are assigned between low-address and high-address. Any IPv6 prefixes given to static entries (hosts) with fixed-prefix6 are excluded from the prefix6. This statement is currently global but it should have a shared-network scope. The host statement host hostname { [ parameters ] [ declarations ] } The host declaration provides a scope in which to provide configuration information about a specific client, and also provides a way to assign a client a fixed address. The host declaration provides a way for the DHCP server to identify a DHCP or BOOTP client, and also a way to assign the client a static IP address. If it is desirable to be able to boot a DHCP or BOOTP client on more than one subnet with fixed addresses, more than one address may be specified in the fixed-address declaration, or more than one host statement may be specified matching the same client. If client-specific boot parameters must change based on the network to which the client is attached, then multiple host declarations should be used. The host declarations will only match a client if one of their fixed-address statements is viable on the subnet (or shared network) where the client is attached. Conversely, for a host declaration to match a client being allocated a dynamic address, it must not have any fixed-address statements. You may therefore need a mixture of host declarations for any given client...some having fixed-address statements, others without. hostname should be a name identifying the host. If a hostname option is not specified for the host, hostname is used. Host declarations are matched to actual DHCP or BOOTP clients by matching the dhcp-client- identifier or pxe-client-id options specified in the host declaration to the one supplied by the client, or, if the host declaration or the client does not provide a dhcp-client- identifier or pxe-client-id options, by matching the hardware parameter in the host decla- ration to the network hardware address supplied by the client. BOOTP clients do not nor- mally provide a dhcp-client-identifier, so the hardware address must be used for all clients that may boot using the BOOTP protocol. DHCPv6 servers can use the host-identifier option parameter in the host declaration, and specify any option with a fixed value to identify hosts. Please be aware that only the dhcp-client-identifier and pxe-client-id options and the hardware address can be used to match a host declaration, or the host-identifier option parameter for DHCPv6 servers. For example, it is not possible to match a host declaration to a host-name option. This is because the host-name option cannot be guaranteed to be unique for any given client, whereas both the hardware address and dhcp-client-identifier option are at least theoretically guaranteed to be unique to a given client. The group statement group { [ parameters ] [ declarations ] } The group statement is used simply to apply one or more parameters to a group of declara- tions. It can be used to group hosts, shared networks, subnets, or even other groups. REFERENCE: ALLOW AND DENY The allow and deny statements can be used to control the response of the DHCP server to various sorts of requests. The allow and deny keywords actually have different meanings depending on the context. In a pool context, these keywords can be used to set up access lists for address allocation pools. In other contexts, the keywords simply control gen- eral server behavior with respect to clients based on scope. In a non-pool context, the ignore keyword can be used in place of the deny keyword to prevent logging of denied requests. ALLOW DENY AND IGNORE IN SCOPE The following usages of allow and deny will work in any scope, although it is not recom- mended that they be used in pool declarations. The unknown-clients keyword allow unknown-clients; deny unknown-clients; ignore unknown-clients; The unknown-clients flag is used to tell dhcpd whether or not to dynamically assign addresses to unknown clients. Dynamic address assignment to unknown clients is allowed by default. An unknown client is simply a client that has no host declaration. The use of this option is now deprecated. If you are trying to restrict access on your network to known clients, you should use deny unknown-clients; inside of your address pool, as described under the heading ALLOW AND DENY WITHIN POOL DECLARATIONS. The bootp keyword allow bootp; deny bootp; ignore bootp; The bootp flag is used to tell dhcpd whether or not to respond to bootp queries. Bootp queries are allowed by default. The booting keyword allow booting; deny booting; ignore booting; The booting flag is used to tell dhcpd whether or not to respond to queries from a partic- ular client. This keyword only has meaning when it appears in a host declaration. By default, booting is allowed, but if it is disabled for a particular client, then that client will not be able to get an address from the DHCP server. The duplicates keyword allow duplicates; deny duplicates; Host declarations can match client messages based on the DHCP Client Identifier option or based on the client's network hardware type and MAC address. If the MAC address is used, the host declaration will match any client with that MAC address - even clients with dif- ferent client identifiers. This doesn't normally happen, but is possible when one com- puter has more than one operating system installed on it - for example, Microsoft Windows and NetBSD or Linux. The duplicates flag tells the DHCP server that if a request is received from a client that matches the MAC address of a host declaration, any other leases matching that MAC address should be discarded by the server, even if the UID is not the same. This is a violation of the DHCP protocol, but can prevent clients whose client identifiers change regularly from holding many leases at the same time. By default, duplicates are allowed. The declines keyword allow declines; deny declines; ignore declines; The DHCPDECLINE message is used by DHCP clients to indicate that the lease the server has offered is not valid. When the server receives a DHCPDECLINE for a particular address, it normally abandons that address, assuming that some unauthorized system is using it. Unfortunately, a malicious or buggy client can, using DHCPDECLINE messages, completely exhaust the DHCP server's allocation pool. The server will reclaim these leases, but while the client is running through the pool, it may cause serious thrashing in the DNS, and it will also cause the DHCP server to forget old DHCP client address allocations. The declines flag tells the DHCP server whether or not to honor DHCPDECLINE messages. If it is set to deny or ignore in a particular scope, the DHCP server will not respond to DHCPDECLINE messages. The client-updates keyword allow client-updates; deny client-updates; The client-updates flag tells the DHCP server whether or not to honor the client's inten- tion to do its own update of its A record. This is only relevant when doing interim DNS updates. See the documentation under the heading THE INTERIM DNS UPDATE SCHEME for details. The leasequery keyword allow leasequery; deny leasequery; The leasequery flag tells the DHCP server whether or not to answer DHCPLEASEQUERY packets. The answer to a DHCPLEASEQUERY packet includes information about a specific lease, such as when it was issued and when it will expire. By default, the server will not respond to these packets. ALLOW AND DENY WITHIN POOL DECLARATIONS The uses of the allow and deny keywords shown in the previous section work pretty much the same way whether the client is sending a DHCPDISCOVER or a DHCPREQUEST message - an address will be allocated to the client (either the old address it's requesting, or a new address) and then that address will be tested to see if it's okay to let the client have it. If the client requested it, and it's not okay, the server will send a DHCPNAK mes- sage. Otherwise, the server will simply not respond to the client. If it is okay to give the address to the client, the server will send a DHCPACK message. The primary motivation behind pool declarations is to have address allocation pools whose allocation policies are different. A client may be denied access to one pool, but allowed access to another pool on the same network segment. In order for this to work, access control has to be done during address allocation, not after address allocation is done. When a DHCPREQUEST message is processed, address allocation simply consists of looking up the address the client is requesting and seeing if it's still available for the client. If it is, then the DHCP server checks both the address pool permit lists and the relevant in-scope allow and deny statements to see if it's okay to give the lease to the client. In the case of a DHCPDISCOVER message, the allocation process is done as described previ- ously in the ADDRESS ALLOCATION section. When declaring permit lists for address allocation pools, the following syntaxes are rec- ognized following the allow or deny keywords: known-clients; If specified, this statement either allows or prevents allocation from this pool to any client that has a host declaration (i.e., is known). A client is known if it has a host declaration in any scope, not just the current scope. unknown-clients; If specified, this statement either allows or prevents allocation from this pool to any client that has no host declaration (i.e., is not known). members of "class"; If specified, this statement either allows or prevents allocation from this pool to any client that is a member of the named class. dynamic bootp clients; If specified, this statement either allows or prevents allocation from this pool to any bootp client. authenticated clients; If specified, this statement either allows or prevents allocation from this pool to any client that has been authenticated using the DHCP authentication protocol. This is not yet supported. unauthenticated clients; If specified, this statement either allows or prevents allocation from this pool to any client that has not been authenticated using the DHCP authentication protocol. This is not yet supported. all clients; If specified, this statement either allows or prevents allocation from this pool to all clients. This can be used when you want to write a pool declaration for some reason, but hold it in reserve, or when you want to renumber your network quickly, and thus want the server to force all clients that have been allocated addresses from this pool to obtain new addresses immediately when they next renew. after time; If specified, this statement either allows or prevents allocation from this pool after a given date. This can be used when you want to move clients from one pool to another. The server adjusts the regular lease time so that the latest expiry time is at the given time+min-lease-time. A short min-lease-time enforces a step change, whereas a longer min- lease-time allows for a gradual change. time is either second since epoch, or a UTC time string e.g. 4 2007/08/24 09:14:32 or a string with time zone offset in seconds e.g. 4 2007/08/24 11:14:32 -7200 REFERENCE: PARAMETERS The adaptive-lease-time-threshold statement adaptive-lease-time-threshold percentage; When the number of allocated leases within a pool rises above the percentage given in this statement, the DHCP server decreases the lease length for new clients within this pool to min-lease-time seconds. Clients renewing an already valid (long) leases get at least the remaining time from the current lease. Since the leases expire faster, the server may either recover more quickly or avoid pool exhaustion entirely. Once the num- ber of allocated leases drop below the threshold, the server reverts back to normal lease times. Valid percentages are between 1 and 99. The always-broadcast statement always-broadcast flag; The DHCP and BOOTP protocols both require DHCP and BOOTP clients to set the broadcast bit in the flags field of the BOOTP message header. Unfortunately, some DHCP and BOOTP clients do not do this, and therefore may not receive responses from the DHCP server. The DHCP server can be made to always broadcast its responses to clients by setting this flag to 'on' for the relevant scope; relevant scopes would be inside a conditional statement, as a parameter for a class, or as a parameter for a host declaration. To avoid creating excess broadcast traffic on your network, we recommend that you restrict the use of this option to as few clients as possible. For example, the Microsoft DHCP client is known not to have this problem, as are the OpenTransport and ISC DHCP clients. The always-reply-rfc1048 statement always-reply-rfc1048 flag; Some BOOTP clients expect RFC1048-style responses, but do not follow RFC1048 when send- ing their requests. You can tell that a client is having this problem if it is not get- ting the options you have configured for it and if you see in the server log the message "(non-rfc1048)" printed with each BOOTREQUEST that is logged. If you want to send rfc1048 options to such a client, you can set the always-reply- rfc1048 option in that client's host declaration, and the DHCP server will respond with an RFC-1048-style vendor options field. This flag can be set in any scope, and will affect all clients covered by that scope. The authoritative statement authoritative; not authoritative; The DHCP server will normally assume that the configuration information about a given network segment is not known to be correct and is not authoritative. This is so that if a naive user installs a DHCP server not fully understanding how to configure it, it does not send spurious DHCPNAK messages to clients that have obtained addresses from a legit- imate DHCP server on the network. Network administrators setting up authoritative DHCP servers for their networks should always write authoritative; at the top of their configuration file to indicate that the DHCP server should send DHCPNAK messages to misconfigured clients. If this is not done, clients will be unable to get a correct IP address after changing subnets until their old lease has expired, which could take quite a long time. Usually, writing authoritative; at the top level of the file should be sufficient. How- ever, if a DHCP server is to be set up so that it is aware of some networks for which it is authoritative and some networks for which it is not, it may be more appropriate to declare authority on a per-network-segment basis. Note that the most specific scope for which the concept of authority makes any sense is the physical network segment - either a shared-network statement or a subnet statement that is not contained within a shared-network statement. It is not meaningful to spec- ify that the server is authoritative for some subnets within a shared network, but not authoritative for others, nor is it meaningful to specify that the server is authorita- tive for some host declarations and not others. The boot-unknown-clients statement boot-unknown-clients flag; If the boot-unknown-clients statement is present and has a value of false or off, then clients for which there is no host declaration will not be allowed to obtain IP addresses. If this statement is not present or has a value of true or on, then clients without host declarations will be allowed to obtain IP addresses, as long as those addresses are not restricted by allow and deny statements within their pool declara- tions. The db-time-format statement db-time-format [ default | local ] ; The DHCP server software outputs several timestamps when writing leases to persistent storage. This configuration parameter selects one of two output formats. The default format prints the day, date, and time in UTC, while the local format prints the system seconds-since-epoch, and helpfully provides the day and time in the system timezone in a comment. The time formats are described in detail in the dhcpd.leases(5) < |